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Queer Theory
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Queer Theory
The Theory Queer ( English queer [ 'strange', used for a long time as euphemism To appoint the gay ]) is a theory on gnero stating that the guidance sexual and identity sexual or gender of the person are the result of a construction social and, hence, there is no papers sexual essential or biologically enrolled in the nature human, but Forms socially variables play one or more sexual roles.
Normality and anomaly
Accordingly, the Theory Queer ( TQ ) rejected the classification of individuals into categories universal as " gay ", " straight "," man "or" women ", arguing that they hide a huge number of variations cultural , none of which would be ms primary or natural than the others. Against the classical concept of gender, which distinguished the "normal" (in English regular ) of the "anomalous" ( queer ), TQ asserts that all social identities are equally anbad.
Against classifications traditional
The TQ Criticizes social classifications of psychology , philosophy and sociology traditional, usually based on the use of a single pattern is the segmentation - social class , sex , race or any other-and argues that the social identities are developed as a more complex intersection of multiple groups, currents and criteria.
History
Background Magnus Hirschfeld
A precursor to the concepts of TQ was medical alemMagnus Hirschfeld , Whose work early twentieth century were devoted to clearing the dichotomy between homo-and heterosexuality from a biological perspective, starting 1908 issued a Zeitschrift f Sexualwissenschaft in which for the first time gave way to the idea transvestism , and studied the different joints of gender roles in society of his time.
The origins of the movement queer are, moreover, miscellaneous. The movimientro of gays and lesbians, which could be considered closest to the queers , did not provide neither the background nor the theoretical model of a compromise political. It is perhaps more correct to say that the movement queer comes from the theory queer and that is ; sta is built upon the feminism .
Margaret Mead
Since the anthropology , studies like the famous test Margaret Mead Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies ( Sex and temperament in three primitive societies ), in which the sexual division of labour and kinship structures analyzed to explain the different gender roles of ethnicities arapesh mundugumor and tchambouli help provide empirical material that questioned the rigid distinction between characters " female " and " male ", documenting cultures in which men and women shared equally in practices considered exclusively viriles West (such as war ) and still others that distribuciNo of household chores and habits luxuries were exactly inverse to the West. Their descriptions of men tchambouli, excluded from the tasks and administrative practices, and those who were reserved habits of makeup and personal decoration, they were greeted with outrage by the society of his time, like his demystification of the feminine purity Through studies of sexual practices Child and adolescents of arapesh.
poststructuralists
However, the main impetus for TQ would come from the philosophical and literary studies, through the group of authors associated with the movement called posestructuralista . The notion of decentramiento Subject -ie, the idea that spiritual and intellectual faculties of human beings are not part of their heritage biological, although they merge in biological conditions, but the result of a multiplicity of processes socialization , through of whom are so very different notions of I , world and intellectual capabilities to operate abstractly with it-provided the impetus to study not only the social roles boys woman, but also the recognition that individuals have their own status as male or female historical products rich-social.
The biggest influence in this direction was the monumental History of Sexuality , Michel Foucault left unfinished at his death, which dealt critically widespread assumptions about sexual impulses, as the distinction between the alleged freedom granted to the desire in state of nature and sexual repression exerted on the civilizations advanced.
For his , literary studies-especially those in Roland Barthes Jacques Derrida Julia Kristeva and his followers-explored at length the ways in which a particular distribution of tasks between attributes and roles the sexes is disseminated through texts that simulate provide nothing more than a description de facto ; the distinction that gives its name to the theory , for example, implicitly opposed one way "normal" sexuality-heterosexual couples to other stable-considered abnormal, suggesting that the latter are inappropriate or harmful.
Pride
In 1969 , in a bar in New York called Stonewall , a series of revolts was the response of the clientele of gays and lesbians to his arrest by the police . The cause of the arrests was a law prohiba people use clothes of the opposite sex.
These incidents, whose anniversary is celebrated annually as Day Pride , marked the birth of homosexual movement . One of the priority objectives of this movement was the deletion of the definition of homosexuality as disease in the qualification of the Asociados American Psychiatric (APA).
The issue dominated the medical status of homosexual identity from the nineteenth century. With the elimination of the official classification of perversion by the APA, outing (expressed n Castilian that has been fixed as' the closet ', ie the public demonstration that makes a person his homosexuality in response to the traditional social rejection of this group) one of the predominant features of the new homosexuality. The practice of making a out of the closet ( coming out ) constitutes a claim that other identity movements based on identity do not share. Unlike feminism or racial or ethnic movements, homosexuality is a practice in basa, and does not involve physiological traits discernible.
With the proliferation of Coming out and therefore recognizable presence of homosexuals, homosexuality has become an identity based as much (or more) in the discourse and conduct in the practice of homosexual acts.
evolution towards the phenomenon queer : feminism, lesbianism
Another difference between the movements queer and movement LGBT ( Lesbians Gays , Bi and Transgenders ) is that he has not had precedent in the nineteenth century. It was therefore necessary for the militant gays and lesbians choose a model for his new movement. On the one hand, the success of the movements of black Americans have found it attractive. In addition, even if the queers are generally more coming up gays and lesbians as feminists, many of its roots ideoltions are also in the American feminism of the 80. Before that date, feminism, like other similar movements, hoped that the progress social occur with a change in legislation.
The arguments for the adoption of laws progressive have always founded on a comparison between the minority group in Cuesta ny citizen universal , namely the rich man and white. For various reasons, several movements have begun, since the 70's, to oppose this image citizen universal , and assess their own ability to act realizace N. This trend (markedly Postmodern ) has accelerated the breakdown between men and women and what it has essentialized that has become feminism. Appears mainly in the The Feminine Mystique , Betty Friedan, creator of NOW (National Organization of Women), which has however been accused of ignoring all women who were not white or a social class affluent.
This wave of feminism was therefore in NOC n difference, whether the difference between men and women, whether the conceptualization of subject and object several social phenomena ( speech , art , marriage , etc.).. However, this movement radical of the second wave of feminism has been altered by two ideological phenomena, both related to issues of sexuality and gender. The first was the issue of wars sex ( Sex Wars ), which divided the theoretical ; rich and militants on the paper pornography in oppression of women.
The other cleft refers to the presence of lesbians and feminists in the ranks is known as Lavender Menace , name of an informal group of lesbian feminists formed to protest the exclusion of lesbian and gay movement claims in the Second Congress for Unity of Women held in May 1970 in New York.
Just as the enemies of feminism used (and used) often against their arguments argumentation-indictment (of course homophobic ) of lesbianism (a practice known in English as lesbian baiting ), a large portion of the militants showed his own homophobia and refused to accept that some of them were lesbians.
Lesbians of lavender menace demonstrating that they were more feminist thanks to its remoteness of men, whereas heterosexual feminists argued that the roles of men / women ( butch / fem ) Of lesbian couples are simply copies of heterosexual marriage. Thus, homophobia attributed to the second wave , your attention to sexual practice, and especially the division that produced all this led to Birth of the TQ at the beginning of the 90.
On the definition the theory
The TQ part of the consideration of gender as a construcciy not as a natural and establishes above all the opportunity to rethink identities from outside the tables policy of a society that understands the fact sexually as establishing a binary separation of human beings, such separation would be founded on the idea of complementarity of the couple straight .
The adjective queer The TQ , with its interest in the implications of sexuality and gender have been devoted mainly to explore these implications in terms of identity. The provisional nature of the queer identity involves a broad discussion on definition adjective queer . Kofosky Eve Sedgwick has explored this difficulty of definiciy pointed out that although the term changes its meaning as applied to oneself or another, "has the virtue of offering, in the context of investigacin academic on gender identity and sexual identity, a novelty that etymologically means a crossing of boundaries without referring to anything in particular, leaving the question of their denotaciones open to dispute and revision "( Epistemology of the Closet ). self-identity
Thanks to that ephemeral nature, identity queer , despite its insistence on sexuality and gender, could be applied to all persons who ever have felt out of place before the restrictions of heterosexuality and gender roles. Thus, if a woman is interested in sport or a man on household chores, can be classified as queers . That is why most theorists queer insists the self-identity. Along with gender, identity comprises one of the main themes of the theory, and that includes research on prostitution , pornography, dark areas of sexuality, and so on. The word when applied to sexual practices, offers many more innovations that other terms such as lesbian or gay .
When someone is defined as queer , it is impossible to deduce its kind. Teresa de Lauretis , which was the first to use that word to describe his theoretical project, expected to take applications for equal sexuality and race, class and other categories. However, outside the academia, where the term queer deals with sexuality, is more often a synonym for gay and lesbian , sometimes gay, lesbian and bisexual and less frecuendia gay , Lesbian, bisexual and transgender .
The question transsexual
The usual exclusion of transsexuals This popular use may be due to the fact that a transsexual says relations diverted regard to gender and sexuality. Many transsexuals, inspired by the TQ levels in sexual and generic prefer distinguished from traditional transsexual ( FtM and MTF , ALARA Female to Male and Male to Female literally Female to Male and to Male Female , reaffirming the expressions of gender binarism to change sex without another claim) using expressions gender queer and FTN or MTN (replacing the second part of the speech by the adjective neutral ). Investigations queer on gender covering mainly the options diverted gender ( transgender , gender-queer and transvestites), as well as the separation of GE ; nero and biological sex. Based on the assertion Simone de Beauvoir "was not born woman, becomes"), Judith Butler has been the first theoretical rich queer in dealing with this separation between gender and sex.
Fear of science and resistance
The biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling said that the Fear to the confusion of genres prompted the science and medicine to seek to establish criteria irrefutable sex anatomical psychological and gender. Her work questions the medical interventions that seek to cure the dysphoria (discomfort, restlessness) gender and hermaphroditism . In addition, TQ is interested in kinship and in the claims of identity in general. Judith Butler has explored the relationship in his book Antigone's Claim ( The claim Antigone ) and identity The Psychic Life of Power ( The life psychic power ), where it has been proposed to explain why it insists on a claim that identity can put some people at risk (by provoking a psychological violence or physical). Almost all jobs that are proclaimed queers share a theoretical resistance to the pretensions totalizers and essentialism, which makes the TQ and at the end queer difficult to describe.
Cracks in the theory: anti-university and university
The practical and political commitment play a more important role in work that takes place outside the college . Contrary to the feminist theories, TQ university is interested less in attitudes militants, which has led to ruptures. The production of texts queers university is not abundant. The zines and blog are abundant in a movement that tends toward self-afirmaciy the importance of history itself. The blog have increased access to the hearing transsexual to information (and pictures) precise what to expect of a transformaciNo surgery. The texts most influential people in queer since the 90's are, however, those who come from the popular means.
Queer Theory, Gender Theory ( Queer Theory, Gender Theory ) Riki Wilchins , transsexual, develops a categorical refutation of the theory on university queers , noting that always works-style bottom-up and academics who have stolen the TQ to queers popular. This view is increasingly spreading among queers , who feel that academia is spoken them, but do not understand what is said . It is possible that such separation is due to the highly developed language of theoretical queers university (Judith Butler is accused of using a writing incomprehensible), because, followed n some, a desire to compensate for their lower status within the academic world.
The autobiography Stone Butch Blues , written by Leslie Feinberg , has been perhaps the first of a transsexual. This text, very influential, not only is the story of changing sex of a person: Feinberg shows an entire ambivalence toward the masculine and feminine identities and always moves in space liminar gender and representation. In Trans Warriors , the same author examines perceptions body that are used to determine gender of a person, including dresses and social structures that historically have been open or closed to the change in gender.
In a very clear and effective language Kate Bornstein uses a workbook ( My Gender Workbook ) to help the reader to deconstruct with their notions of the roles of men and women, and has been the first transsexual to propose the establishment of a category which claims the identity queer or transsexual instead of sex adopted.
Patrick Califia-Rice (which has also used the name Patrick Califia), writer and psychiatrist, has published several texts, including novels pornogrFIC, science fiction and a history of transgender people. Qualify defends pornography in science fiction, two genres often criticized, in his opinion, because of the possibilities offered as resistant to sexual and generic rules. His work Sex changes studying the history of changes in gender across biology, psychoanalysis , sociology politics.
The role of biology
biological Categories versus social constructs
Some critics of the TQ argue that some tests physiological genetic and sociological show that sexual orientation and clasificaciNo sex can not be considered social constructions and that several biological characteristics (some of which are hereditary ) play a role important in the formation of sexual behaviour. At present, there does not seem conclusive evidence in either direction, although the scientific community seems to expect that the study of human genome and other species provide more light on the matter.
Several commentators respond to these assertions do not see that all individuals are easily classifiable as a man or woman, even in response to strictly biological grounds. For example, chromosomes sex (X and Y) may exist in atypical combinations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome [XXY]). This hinders the use of genotypes as a means to accurately define two different genres. Individuals may have intersexuados sexual characteristics ambiguous by different biological reasons.
The question of how far sexual identity and sexual orientation are based on biology is important not only in queer theory, but also, for example, sexology .
Dr. Money and case Reimer In the early work of the Johns Hopkins University , the investigator John Money indicated that was impressed by the argument that sexual identity is socially established a pattern, and used to try to David Reimer , a few months, who had suffered a circumcision malpractice. The experiment was assigned a female identity and an operation adequacy of sex, and under the name Brenda was reared by their parents under this new identity. The experiment was a complete failure. A los 20 años, después de años de terapia y varios intentos de suicidio, Brenda/David fue informado de todo y decidió realizarse una nueva intervención quirúrgica (esta vez una faloplastía). Finalmente, se suicidó antes de los cuarenta años.
Este caso ha dado lugar a muchos debates dentro de la teoría queer centrados tanto por su descripción de la reasignación del funcionamiento del género como por su calidad de tratamiento desastroso (y completamente innecesario) de un niño tan sólo porque sus genitales no se acomodaban a la idea "normal" de genitales. Se suele utilizar como ejemplo de cómo no tratar a personas con variaciones sexuales o de género.
En proyectos posteriores, Money desarrolló importantes matices sobre los casos que conllevan una investigación acerca de la formación de la identidad de género de cualquier persona, aunque no ha vuelto a hablar del caso Reimer tras haberse sabido que durante años no lo había denunciado.
El porvenir de la teoría
Con la crítica de la teoría de la realización propuesta por Butler en Gender Trouble y el apaciguamiento de los grupos provocadores y de drag queens y drag kings, muchos teóricos se encuentran actualmente en un período de búsqueda de nuevos análisis de la resistencia queer
La mayor parte de ese trabajo se produce en ámbitos literarios, psicoanalíticos y lingüísticos, pero también en los dominios de la biología y de las ciencias sociales (incluso si, a casusa de la ruptura entre la universidad y los ambientes populares, hay a priori prejuicios hacia los investigadores sociales).
Lee Edelman y otros ponen en relación la TQ y el psicoanálisis examinando las nociones lacanianas de construcción identitaria a través de la adquisición del lenguaje y el estadio del espejo. Según ellos, la conciencia de uno mismo procede más de la cultura y del lenguaje que de la biología. En su texto No future, Edelman se apoya también sobre el concepto foucaultiano del Bíopoder para examinar la resistencia de los queers a los sistemas sociales de reproducción (el matrimonio, la producción de niños). Anna Livia ha publicado un trabajo lingüístico (Pronoum Envy) sobre el uso queer del género gramatical en la literatura francesa.
Tras un decenio de elaboración de una teoría, parece que una identidad queer comienza a asentarse. Existen, sin embargo, desacuerdos entre los teóricos que priman el estudio del género y los que se interesan más específicamente enla sexualidad, y entre los universitarios y anti-universitarios. Otra grieta, en fin, aparece entre las comunidades queers y las feministas llamadas de la segunda ola, la cual, con sus rupturas múltiples, ha mantenido sus fieles, aunque algunas reivindican una tercera ola del feminismo, mientras que otras afirman que la TQ ha provocado un post-feminisno.
Personalidades
El primer uso conocido del término "Teoría Queer" por escrito se debe a Teresa de Lauretis. Sin embargo, en 1994, ésta criticó la teoría queer estableciendo que no era más que una estrategia de márketing que "se había convertido rápidamente en un concepto vacío producto de las compañías publicitarias". Destacan como influencias históricas de la TQ (entre otros): Gloria Andalzua, Audre Lorde, Monique Wittig, Jonathan Katz, Ester Newton, Andy Warhol, Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Louis Althusser, Jacques Derrida. Pero los primeros que desarrollaron la teoría fueron Gayle Rubin, Kaja Silverman, D.A. Miller, Sue-Ellen Case, Douglas Crimp, John D'Emilio, Lee Edelman, Michel Foucault, Joan Scott, Simon Watney, Judith Butler, Eve KosofskySedgwick, Leo Bersani, David Halperin, Michael Moon, MichaelWarner y muchos otros.
Activismo y teoría
Se puede decir que hay dos vertientes de la teoría queer: el ámbito teórico y el activista, con grupos como ACT UP o Queer Nation. La influencia que ha tenido esta teoría en el mundo académico estadounidense es grande. En España se conocieron grupos como LSD o la Radikal Gai en los años noventa. Con la llegada del nuevo milenio surgen prácticas políticas que superan la política institucional de los grupos LGTB, el FAGC (Catalunya), EHGAM (Euskal Herria) y Maribolheras Precarias (Galiza) forman parte de la red contra la homofobia, y sus luchas van más allá de una reivindicación exclusiva para la comunidad LGTB cada vez más mercantilizada; la lucha contra la precariedad o la guerra forman parte de su ideario político, todo ello a través de la reivindicación festiva, buscando espacios autónomos donde poder reinventar la vida. La teoría queer comienza a abrirse paso también en el ámbito académico.
The Theory Queer ( English queer [ 'strange', used for a long time as euphemism To appoint the gay ]) is a theory on gnero stating that the guidance sexual and identity sexual or gender of the person are the result of a construction social and, hence, there is no papers sexual essential or biologically enrolled in the nature human, but Forms socially variables play one or more sexual roles.
Normality and anomaly
Accordingly, the Theory Queer ( TQ ) rejected the classification of individuals into categories universal as " gay ", " straight "," man "or" women ", arguing that they hide a huge number of variations cultural , none of which would be ms primary or natural than the others. Against the classical concept of gender, which distinguished the "normal" (in English regular ) of the "anomalous" ( queer ), TQ asserts that all social identities are equally anbad.
Against classifications traditional
The TQ Criticizes social classifications of psychology , philosophy and sociology traditional, usually based on the use of a single pattern is the segmentation - social class , sex , race or any other-and argues that the social identities are developed as a more complex intersection of multiple groups, currents and criteria.
History
Background Magnus Hirschfeld
A precursor to the concepts of TQ was medical alemMagnus Hirschfeld , Whose work early twentieth century were devoted to clearing the dichotomy between homo-and heterosexuality from a biological perspective, starting 1908 issued a Zeitschrift f Sexualwissenschaft in which for the first time gave way to the idea transvestism , and studied the different joints of gender roles in society of his time.
The origins of the movement queer are, moreover, miscellaneous. The movimientro of gays and lesbians, which could be considered closest to the queers , did not provide neither the background nor the theoretical model of a compromise political. It is perhaps more correct to say that the movement queer comes from the theory queer and that is ; sta is built upon the feminism .
Margaret Mead
Since the anthropology , studies like the famous test Margaret Mead Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies ( Sex and temperament in three primitive societies ), in which the sexual division of labour and kinship structures analyzed to explain the different gender roles of ethnicities arapesh mundugumor and tchambouli help provide empirical material that questioned the rigid distinction between characters " female " and " male ", documenting cultures in which men and women shared equally in practices considered exclusively viriles West (such as war ) and still others that distribuciNo of household chores and habits luxuries were exactly inverse to the West. Their descriptions of men tchambouli, excluded from the tasks and administrative practices, and those who were reserved habits of makeup and personal decoration, they were greeted with outrage by the society of his time, like his demystification of the feminine purity Through studies of sexual practices Child and adolescents of arapesh.
poststructuralists
However, the main impetus for TQ would come from the philosophical and literary studies, through the group of authors associated with the movement called posestructuralista . The notion of decentramiento Subject -ie, the idea that spiritual and intellectual faculties of human beings are not part of their heritage biological, although they merge in biological conditions, but the result of a multiplicity of processes socialization , through of whom are so very different notions of I , world and intellectual capabilities to operate abstractly with it-provided the impetus to study not only the social roles boys woman, but also the recognition that individuals have their own status as male or female historical products rich-social.
The biggest influence in this direction was the monumental History of Sexuality , Michel Foucault left unfinished at his death, which dealt critically widespread assumptions about sexual impulses, as the distinction between the alleged freedom granted to the desire in state of nature and sexual repression exerted on the civilizations advanced.
For his , literary studies-especially those in Roland Barthes Jacques Derrida Julia Kristeva and his followers-explored at length the ways in which a particular distribution of tasks between attributes and roles the sexes is disseminated through texts that simulate provide nothing more than a description de facto ; the distinction that gives its name to the theory , for example, implicitly opposed one way "normal" sexuality-heterosexual couples to other stable-considered abnormal, suggesting that the latter are inappropriate or harmful.
Pride
In 1969 , in a bar in New York called Stonewall , a series of revolts was the response of the clientele of gays and lesbians to his arrest by the police . The cause of the arrests was a law prohiba people use clothes of the opposite sex.
These incidents, whose anniversary is celebrated annually as Day Pride , marked the birth of homosexual movement . One of the priority objectives of this movement was the deletion of the definition of homosexuality as disease in the qualification of the Asociados American Psychiatric (APA).
The issue dominated the medical status of homosexual identity from the nineteenth century. With the elimination of the official classification of perversion by the APA, outing (expressed n Castilian that has been fixed as' the closet ', ie the public demonstration that makes a person his homosexuality in response to the traditional social rejection of this group) one of the predominant features of the new homosexuality. The practice of making a out of the closet ( coming out ) constitutes a claim that other identity movements based on identity do not share. Unlike feminism or racial or ethnic movements, homosexuality is a practice in basa, and does not involve physiological traits discernible.
With the proliferation of Coming out and therefore recognizable presence of homosexuals, homosexuality has become an identity based as much (or more) in the discourse and conduct in the practice of homosexual acts.
evolution towards the phenomenon queer : feminism, lesbianism
Another difference between the movements queer and movement LGBT ( Lesbians Gays , Bi and Transgenders ) is that he has not had precedent in the nineteenth century. It was therefore necessary for the militant gays and lesbians choose a model for his new movement. On the one hand, the success of the movements of black Americans have found it attractive. In addition, even if the queers are generally more coming up gays and lesbians as feminists, many of its roots ideoltions are also in the American feminism of the 80. Before that date, feminism, like other similar movements, hoped that the progress social occur with a change in legislation.
The arguments for the adoption of laws progressive have always founded on a comparison between the minority group in Cuesta ny citizen universal , namely the rich man and white. For various reasons, several movements have begun, since the 70's, to oppose this image citizen universal , and assess their own ability to act realizace N. This trend (markedly Postmodern ) has accelerated the breakdown between men and women and what it has essentialized that has become feminism. Appears mainly in the The Feminine Mystique , Betty Friedan, creator of NOW (National Organization of Women), which has however been accused of ignoring all women who were not white or a social class affluent.
This wave of feminism was therefore in NOC n difference, whether the difference between men and women, whether the conceptualization of subject and object several social phenomena ( speech , art , marriage , etc.).. However, this movement radical of the second wave of feminism has been altered by two ideological phenomena, both related to issues of sexuality and gender. The first was the issue of wars sex ( Sex Wars ), which divided the theoretical ; rich and militants on the paper pornography in oppression of women.
The other cleft refers to the presence of lesbians and feminists in the ranks is known as Lavender Menace , name of an informal group of lesbian feminists formed to protest the exclusion of lesbian and gay movement claims in the Second Congress for Unity of Women held in May 1970 in New York.
Just as the enemies of feminism used (and used) often against their arguments argumentation-indictment (of course homophobic ) of lesbianism (a practice known in English as lesbian baiting ), a large portion of the militants showed his own homophobia and refused to accept that some of them were lesbians.
Lesbians of lavender menace demonstrating that they were more feminist thanks to its remoteness of men, whereas heterosexual feminists argued that the roles of men / women ( butch / fem ) Of lesbian couples are simply copies of heterosexual marriage. Thus, homophobia attributed to the second wave , your attention to sexual practice, and especially the division that produced all this led to Birth of the TQ at the beginning of the 90.
On the definition the theory
The TQ part of the consideration of gender as a construcciy not as a natural and establishes above all the opportunity to rethink identities from outside the tables policy of a society that understands the fact sexually as establishing a binary separation of human beings, such separation would be founded on the idea of complementarity of the couple straight .
The adjective queer The TQ , with its interest in the implications of sexuality and gender have been devoted mainly to explore these implications in terms of identity. The provisional nature of the queer identity involves a broad discussion on definition adjective queer . Kofosky Eve Sedgwick has explored this difficulty of definiciy pointed out that although the term changes its meaning as applied to oneself or another, "has the virtue of offering, in the context of investigacin academic on gender identity and sexual identity, a novelty that etymologically means a crossing of boundaries without referring to anything in particular, leaving the question of their denotaciones open to dispute and revision "( Epistemology of the Closet ). self-identity
Thanks to that ephemeral nature, identity queer , despite its insistence on sexuality and gender, could be applied to all persons who ever have felt out of place before the restrictions of heterosexuality and gender roles. Thus, if a woman is interested in sport or a man on household chores, can be classified as queers . That is why most theorists queer insists the self-identity. Along with gender, identity comprises one of the main themes of the theory, and that includes research on prostitution , pornography, dark areas of sexuality, and so on. The word when applied to sexual practices, offers many more innovations that other terms such as lesbian or gay .
When someone is defined as queer , it is impossible to deduce its kind. Teresa de Lauretis , which was the first to use that word to describe his theoretical project, expected to take applications for equal sexuality and race, class and other categories. However, outside the academia, where the term queer deals with sexuality, is more often a synonym for gay and lesbian , sometimes gay, lesbian and bisexual and less frecuendia gay , Lesbian, bisexual and transgender .
The question transsexual
The usual exclusion of transsexuals This popular use may be due to the fact that a transsexual says relations diverted regard to gender and sexuality. Many transsexuals, inspired by the TQ levels in sexual and generic prefer distinguished from traditional transsexual ( FtM and MTF , ALARA Female to Male and Male to Female literally Female to Male and to Male Female , reaffirming the expressions of gender binarism to change sex without another claim) using expressions gender queer and FTN or MTN (replacing the second part of the speech by the adjective neutral ). Investigations queer on gender covering mainly the options diverted gender ( transgender , gender-queer and transvestites), as well as the separation of GE ; nero and biological sex. Based on the assertion Simone de Beauvoir "was not born woman, becomes"), Judith Butler has been the first theoretical rich queer in dealing with this separation between gender and sex.
Fear of science and resistance
The biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling said that the Fear to the confusion of genres prompted the science and medicine to seek to establish criteria irrefutable sex anatomical psychological and gender. Her work questions the medical interventions that seek to cure the dysphoria (discomfort, restlessness) gender and hermaphroditism . In addition, TQ is interested in kinship and in the claims of identity in general. Judith Butler has explored the relationship in his book Antigone's Claim ( The claim Antigone ) and identity The Psychic Life of Power ( The life psychic power ), where it has been proposed to explain why it insists on a claim that identity can put some people at risk (by provoking a psychological violence or physical). Almost all jobs that are proclaimed queers share a theoretical resistance to the pretensions totalizers and essentialism, which makes the TQ and at the end queer difficult to describe.
Cracks in the theory: anti-university and university
The practical and political commitment play a more important role in work that takes place outside the college . Contrary to the feminist theories, TQ university is interested less in attitudes militants, which has led to ruptures. The production of texts queers university is not abundant. The zines and blog are abundant in a movement that tends toward self-afirmaciy the importance of history itself. The blog have increased access to the hearing transsexual to information (and pictures) precise what to expect of a transformaciNo surgery. The texts most influential people in queer since the 90's are, however, those who come from the popular means.
Queer Theory, Gender Theory ( Queer Theory, Gender Theory ) Riki Wilchins , transsexual, develops a categorical refutation of the theory on university queers , noting that always works-style bottom-up and academics who have stolen the TQ to queers popular. This view is increasingly spreading among queers , who feel that academia is spoken them, but do not understand what is said . It is possible that such separation is due to the highly developed language of theoretical queers university (Judith Butler is accused of using a writing incomprehensible), because, followed n some, a desire to compensate for their lower status within the academic world.
The autobiography Stone Butch Blues , written by Leslie Feinberg , has been perhaps the first of a transsexual. This text, very influential, not only is the story of changing sex of a person: Feinberg shows an entire ambivalence toward the masculine and feminine identities and always moves in space liminar gender and representation. In Trans Warriors , the same author examines perceptions body that are used to determine gender of a person, including dresses and social structures that historically have been open or closed to the change in gender.
In a very clear and effective language Kate Bornstein uses a workbook ( My Gender Workbook ) to help the reader to deconstruct with their notions of the roles of men and women, and has been the first transsexual to propose the establishment of a category which claims the identity queer or transsexual instead of sex adopted.
Patrick Califia-Rice (which has also used the name Patrick Califia), writer and psychiatrist, has published several texts, including novels pornogrFIC, science fiction and a history of transgender people. Qualify defends pornography in science fiction, two genres often criticized, in his opinion, because of the possibilities offered as resistant to sexual and generic rules. His work Sex changes studying the history of changes in gender across biology, psychoanalysis , sociology politics.
The role of biology
biological Categories versus social constructs
Some critics of the TQ argue that some tests physiological genetic and sociological show that sexual orientation and clasificaciNo sex can not be considered social constructions and that several biological characteristics (some of which are hereditary ) play a role important in the formation of sexual behaviour. At present, there does not seem conclusive evidence in either direction, although the scientific community seems to expect that the study of human genome and other species provide more light on the matter.
Several commentators respond to these assertions do not see that all individuals are easily classifiable as a man or woman, even in response to strictly biological grounds. For example, chromosomes sex (X and Y) may exist in atypical combinations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome [XXY]). This hinders the use of genotypes as a means to accurately define two different genres. Individuals may have intersexuados sexual characteristics ambiguous by different biological reasons.
The question of how far sexual identity and sexual orientation are based on biology is important not only in queer theory, but also, for example, sexology .
Dr. Money and case Reimer In the early work of the Johns Hopkins University , the investigator John Money indicated that was impressed by the argument that sexual identity is socially established a pattern, and used to try to David Reimer , a few months, who had suffered a circumcision malpractice. The experiment was assigned a female identity and an operation adequacy of sex, and under the name Brenda was reared by their parents under this new identity. The experiment was a complete failure. A los 20 años, después de años de terapia y varios intentos de suicidio, Brenda/David fue informado de todo y decidió realizarse una nueva intervención quirúrgica (esta vez una faloplastía). Finalmente, se suicidó antes de los cuarenta años.
Este caso ha dado lugar a muchos debates dentro de la teoría queer centrados tanto por su descripción de la reasignación del funcionamiento del género como por su calidad de tratamiento desastroso (y completamente innecesario) de un niño tan sólo porque sus genitales no se acomodaban a la idea "normal" de genitales. Se suele utilizar como ejemplo de cómo no tratar a personas con variaciones sexuales o de género.
En proyectos posteriores, Money desarrolló importantes matices sobre los casos que conllevan una investigación acerca de la formación de la identidad de género de cualquier persona, aunque no ha vuelto a hablar del caso Reimer tras haberse sabido que durante años no lo había denunciado.
El porvenir de la teoría
Con la crítica de la teoría de la realización propuesta por Butler en Gender Trouble y el apaciguamiento de los grupos provocadores y de drag queens y drag kings, muchos teóricos se encuentran actualmente en un período de búsqueda de nuevos análisis de la resistencia queer
La mayor parte de ese trabajo se produce en ámbitos literarios, psicoanalíticos y lingüísticos, pero también en los dominios de la biología y de las ciencias sociales (incluso si, a casusa de la ruptura entre la universidad y los ambientes populares, hay a priori prejuicios hacia los investigadores sociales).
Lee Edelman y otros ponen en relación la TQ y el psicoanálisis examinando las nociones lacanianas de construcción identitaria a través de la adquisición del lenguaje y el estadio del espejo. Según ellos, la conciencia de uno mismo procede más de la cultura y del lenguaje que de la biología. En su texto No future, Edelman se apoya también sobre el concepto foucaultiano del Bíopoder para examinar la resistencia de los queers a los sistemas sociales de reproducción (el matrimonio, la producción de niños). Anna Livia ha publicado un trabajo lingüístico (Pronoum Envy) sobre el uso queer del género gramatical en la literatura francesa.
Tras un decenio de elaboración de una teoría, parece que una identidad queer comienza a asentarse. Existen, sin embargo, desacuerdos entre los teóricos que priman el estudio del género y los que se interesan más específicamente enla sexualidad, y entre los universitarios y anti-universitarios. Otra grieta, en fin, aparece entre las comunidades queers y las feministas llamadas de la segunda ola, la cual, con sus rupturas múltiples, ha mantenido sus fieles, aunque algunas reivindican una tercera ola del feminismo, mientras que otras afirman que la TQ ha provocado un post-feminisno.
Personalidades
El primer uso conocido del término "Teoría Queer" por escrito se debe a Teresa de Lauretis. Sin embargo, en 1994, ésta criticó la teoría queer estableciendo que no era más que una estrategia de márketing que "se había convertido rápidamente en un concepto vacío producto de las compañías publicitarias". Destacan como influencias históricas de la TQ (entre otros): Gloria Andalzua, Audre Lorde, Monique Wittig, Jonathan Katz, Ester Newton, Andy Warhol, Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Louis Althusser, Jacques Derrida. Pero los primeros que desarrollaron la teoría fueron Gayle Rubin, Kaja Silverman, D.A. Miller, Sue-Ellen Case, Douglas Crimp, John D'Emilio, Lee Edelman, Michel Foucault, Joan Scott, Simon Watney, Judith Butler, Eve KosofskySedgwick, Leo Bersani, David Halperin, Michael Moon, MichaelWarner y muchos otros.
Activismo y teoría
Se puede decir que hay dos vertientes de la teoría queer: el ámbito teórico y el activista, con grupos como ACT UP o Queer Nation. La influencia que ha tenido esta teoría en el mundo académico estadounidense es grande. En España se conocieron grupos como LSD o la Radikal Gai en los años noventa. Con la llegada del nuevo milenio surgen prácticas políticas que superan la política institucional de los grupos LGTB, el FAGC (Catalunya), EHGAM (Euskal Herria) y Maribolheras Precarias (Galiza) forman parte de la red contra la homofobia, y sus luchas van más allá de una reivindicación exclusiva para la comunidad LGTB cada vez más mercantilizada; la lucha contra la precariedad o la guerra forman parte de su ideario político, todo ello a través de la reivindicación festiva, buscando espacios autónomos donde poder reinventar la vida. La teoría queer comienza a abrirse paso también en el ámbito académico.
Tags: visuales, revista de diseño urbano y paisaje. du&p universidad central, paperback | publicación sobre educación y diseño, tipo de fuentes y familias tipograficas, teoría de sistemas, yves zimmermann, vilém flusser, tomás maldonado, william morris, significación
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